Got a very nice reference from my source in the Swedish military. Its nothing new, that most of the fallout radiation is gone after 48h is well known but its nice to see original work by scientests that confirm this.
Fallout decay during first 50h
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rainingcatzanddogs
A True Doomsday Prepper
What I found in my research that it depends on the type and proximity you are to the detonation as some of the heavier particles fall closest to ground zero and also tend to have longer half lives.
Radioactive Fallout From Nuclear Weapons Testing | US EPA
Radioactive Fallout From Nuclear Weapons Testing | US EPA
rainingcatzanddogs
A True Doomsday Prepper
I have stored other supplements that work on the same premise of the potassium iodide tablets. For example, Strontium Citrate supplements will replace the space available for absorption of radioactive Strontium 90...there are compounds that can be taken to reduce the amounts your body absorbs...won't negate the effects of a high exposure, but, like the potassium iodide, certainly can help.
Strontium 90 is very long-lived with a half-life of 28 years. It is chemically similar to calcium, causing it to accumulate in growing bones. This radiation can cause tumors, leukemia, and other blood abnormalities.
Because children are growing and their bones are rapidly absorbing calcium, Strontium will have a worse effect on them.
Relevance for Agriculture: Because it is similar to calcium, it can readily bind to it in soils with high calcium content. Therefore, produce grown in soils low in calcium (sandy soils and red dirt clay) will be less dangerous to consume because they will absorb less Strontium.
Plants or crops growing in or near contaminated soil may take up small amounts of Sr-90 from the soil. Animals may ingest Sr-90 when eating plants.
Strontium-90 can be inhaled, but ingestion in food and water is the greatest health concern. Once in the body, Sr-90 acts like calcium and is readily incorporated into bones and teeth, where it can cause cancers of the bone, bone marrow, and soft tissues around the bone. Because Sr-90 acts like calcium, milk monitoring will be important after a large release.
Iodine 131 has a half-life of 8.1 days. Ingestion of it concentrates in the thyroid gland. The radiation can destroy all or part of the thyroid. Taking potassium iodide can reduce the effects.
The amount of tritium released varies by bomb design. It has a half-life of 12.3 years and can be easily ingested, since it can replace a hydrogen in water. The beta radiation can cause lung cancer.
Tritium behaves like other forms of hydrogen in the environment. Just as non-radioactive hydrogen reacts with oxygen to create water (H2O), tritium also reacts with oxygen to form “tritiated water” (HTO). As a liquid, tritium moves easily through the environment just like water. Tritium occurs naturally in the environment in very low concentrations.
Tritium emits a very weak beta particle. People are exposed to small amounts of tritium every day, since it is widely dispersed in the environment and in the food chain. Tritium primarily enters the body when people swallow tritiated water, inhale tritium as a gas in the air, or absorb it through their skin. Once tritium enters the body, it disperses quickly and is uniformly distributed throughout the body. Since tritium is almost always found as water, it goes directly into soft tissues and organs. Tritium is excreted through the urine within a month or so after ingestion. Organically bound tritium (tritium that is incorporated in organic compounds) can remain in the body for a longer period.
Since fall out will initially be localized, then global, open water sources such as lakes, rivers and reservoirs will most likely be unsafe to drink. Beware of rain! Ground water, from deep well aquifers, will be in theory, much safer.
Cesium 137 has a half-life of 30 years. It does not present as large a biological threat as Strontium 90. It behaves similar to potassium, and will distribute fairly uniformly throughout the body. This can contribute to gonadal irradiation(sterilization) and genetic damage.
Because Cs-137 bonds with chlorides to make a crystalline powder, it reacts in the environment like table salt (sodium chloride):
Cesium moves easily through the air.
Cesium dissolves easily in water.
Cesium binds strongly to soil and concrete, but does not travel very far below the surface.
Plants and vegetation growing in or nearby contaminated soil may take up small amounts of Cs-137 from the soil.
Small quantities of Cs-137 can be found in the environment from nuclear weapons and from nuclear reactor accidents. Internal exposure to Cs-137 through ingestion or inhalation allows the radioactive material to be distributed in the soft tissues, especially muscle tissue, which increases cancer risk.
Half-life: 30.17 years
Iodine: Radioactive iodine can disperse rapidly in air and water. In soil, however, it combines easily with organic materials and moves more slowly through the environment.
If released, I-129 will remain in the environment for millions of years. Iodine-131’s short half-life of 8 days means that it will decay away completely in a matter of months.
Most I-129 in the environment came from nuclear weapons testing. Atmospheric testing in the 1950s and 60s released radioactive iodine to the atmosphere. Iodine-129 has dispersed around the world, and is now found at very low levels in the environment.
Iodine-131 in fallout from nuclear weapons or reactor accidents can occur in particle form, which can be ingested in food or water.
External exposure to large amounts of iodine can cause burns to the eyes and skin. Internal exposure can affect the thyroid gland, a small organ located in the neck near the Adam’s apple. The thyroid gland uses iodine to produce thyroid hormones and cannot distinguish between radioactive iodine and stable (nonradioactive) iodine. If iodine were released into the atmosphere, people could ingest it in food products or water, or breathe it in.
In addition, if dairy animals consume grass contaminated with iodine, the radioactive iodine will be incorporated into their milk. Consequently, people can receive internal exposure from drinking the milk or eating dairy products made from contaminated milk. Once inside the body, radioactive iodine will be absorbed by the thyroid gland, potentially increasing the risk for thyroid cancer or other thyroid problems.
A precaution against thyroid exposure in a radiation emergency is to take Potassium Iodide (KI).
Technetium-99: Organic matter in soils and sediments slow the transport of Tc-99. In the presence of oxygen, plants readily take up technetium compounds from the soils. Some plants such as brown algae in seawater are able to concentrate Tc-99. Sea animals can also concentrate Technetium-99 in their bodies.
Technetium-99 can pose a health risk when it enters the body. Once in the human body, Tc-99 concentrates in the thyroid gland and the gastrointestinal tract. However, the body constantly gets rid of Tc-99 in feces. As with any other radioactive material, there is an increased chance that cancer or other adverse health effects can result from exposure to radiation.
Half-life: Technetium-99: 210,000 years
Americium: Americium is produced when plutonium absorbs neutrons in nuclear reactors or during nuclear weapons tests.
Am-241 is primarily an alpha emitter, but also emits some gamma rays. It poses a more significant risk if ingested (swallowed) or inhaled. Once in the body, it tends to concentrate in the bone, liver, and muscle. Americium can stay in the body for decades and continue to expose the surrounding tissues to radiation, increasing the risk of developing cancer. Half-life: 432.2 years
Am-241 found in the environment is in the form of microscopic dust.
Plutonium 239: When a plutonium weapon is exploded, not all of the plutonium is fissioned. Plutonium 239 has a half-life of 24,400 years. Ingestion of as little as 1 microgram of plutonium, a barely visible speck, is a serious health hazard causing the formation of bone and lung tumors. Most forms of plutonium emit alpha particles, which are not very harmful outside the body, but can be very damaging when inhaled.
When plutonium particles are inhaled, they lodge in the lung tissue. The alpha particles can kill lung cells, which causes scarring of the lungs, leading to further lung disease and cancer.
Plutonium can enter the blood stream from the lungs and travel to the kidneys, meaning that the blood and the kidneys will be exposed to alpha particles. Once plutonium circulates through the body, it concentrates in the bones, liver, and spleen, exposing these organs to alpha particles.
Plutonium that is ingested from contaminated food or water does not pose a serious threat to humans because the stomach does not absorb plutonium easily, it passes out of the body in the feces.
The good news, at least for those who live well outside the blast effects zone, is that Plutonium is very heavy and it’s presence in fall out will be limited to areas around ground zero.
An air burst can produce minimal fallout if the fireball does not touch the ground. On the other hand, a nuclear explosion occurring at or near the earth's surface can result in severe contamination by the radioactive fallout.
Strontium 90 is very long-lived with a half-life of 28 years. It is chemically similar to calcium, causing it to accumulate in growing bones. This radiation can cause tumors, leukemia, and other blood abnormalities.
Because children are growing and their bones are rapidly absorbing calcium, Strontium will have a worse effect on them.
Relevance for Agriculture: Because it is similar to calcium, it can readily bind to it in soils with high calcium content. Therefore, produce grown in soils low in calcium (sandy soils and red dirt clay) will be less dangerous to consume because they will absorb less Strontium.
Plants or crops growing in or near contaminated soil may take up small amounts of Sr-90 from the soil. Animals may ingest Sr-90 when eating plants.
Strontium-90 can be inhaled, but ingestion in food and water is the greatest health concern. Once in the body, Sr-90 acts like calcium and is readily incorporated into bones and teeth, where it can cause cancers of the bone, bone marrow, and soft tissues around the bone. Because Sr-90 acts like calcium, milk monitoring will be important after a large release.
Iodine 131 has a half-life of 8.1 days. Ingestion of it concentrates in the thyroid gland. The radiation can destroy all or part of the thyroid. Taking potassium iodide can reduce the effects.
The amount of tritium released varies by bomb design. It has a half-life of 12.3 years and can be easily ingested, since it can replace a hydrogen in water. The beta radiation can cause lung cancer.
Tritium behaves like other forms of hydrogen in the environment. Just as non-radioactive hydrogen reacts with oxygen to create water (H2O), tritium also reacts with oxygen to form “tritiated water” (HTO). As a liquid, tritium moves easily through the environment just like water. Tritium occurs naturally in the environment in very low concentrations.
Tritium emits a very weak beta particle. People are exposed to small amounts of tritium every day, since it is widely dispersed in the environment and in the food chain. Tritium primarily enters the body when people swallow tritiated water, inhale tritium as a gas in the air, or absorb it through their skin. Once tritium enters the body, it disperses quickly and is uniformly distributed throughout the body. Since tritium is almost always found as water, it goes directly into soft tissues and organs. Tritium is excreted through the urine within a month or so after ingestion. Organically bound tritium (tritium that is incorporated in organic compounds) can remain in the body for a longer period.
Since fall out will initially be localized, then global, open water sources such as lakes, rivers and reservoirs will most likely be unsafe to drink. Beware of rain! Ground water, from deep well aquifers, will be in theory, much safer.
Cesium 137 has a half-life of 30 years. It does not present as large a biological threat as Strontium 90. It behaves similar to potassium, and will distribute fairly uniformly throughout the body. This can contribute to gonadal irradiation(sterilization) and genetic damage.
Because Cs-137 bonds with chlorides to make a crystalline powder, it reacts in the environment like table salt (sodium chloride):
Cesium moves easily through the air.
Cesium dissolves easily in water.
Cesium binds strongly to soil and concrete, but does not travel very far below the surface.
Plants and vegetation growing in or nearby contaminated soil may take up small amounts of Cs-137 from the soil.
Small quantities of Cs-137 can be found in the environment from nuclear weapons and from nuclear reactor accidents. Internal exposure to Cs-137 through ingestion or inhalation allows the radioactive material to be distributed in the soft tissues, especially muscle tissue, which increases cancer risk.
Half-life: 30.17 years
Iodine: Radioactive iodine can disperse rapidly in air and water. In soil, however, it combines easily with organic materials and moves more slowly through the environment.
If released, I-129 will remain in the environment for millions of years. Iodine-131’s short half-life of 8 days means that it will decay away completely in a matter of months.
Most I-129 in the environment came from nuclear weapons testing. Atmospheric testing in the 1950s and 60s released radioactive iodine to the atmosphere. Iodine-129 has dispersed around the world, and is now found at very low levels in the environment.
Iodine-131 in fallout from nuclear weapons or reactor accidents can occur in particle form, which can be ingested in food or water.
External exposure to large amounts of iodine can cause burns to the eyes and skin. Internal exposure can affect the thyroid gland, a small organ located in the neck near the Adam’s apple. The thyroid gland uses iodine to produce thyroid hormones and cannot distinguish between radioactive iodine and stable (nonradioactive) iodine. If iodine were released into the atmosphere, people could ingest it in food products or water, or breathe it in.
In addition, if dairy animals consume grass contaminated with iodine, the radioactive iodine will be incorporated into their milk. Consequently, people can receive internal exposure from drinking the milk or eating dairy products made from contaminated milk. Once inside the body, radioactive iodine will be absorbed by the thyroid gland, potentially increasing the risk for thyroid cancer or other thyroid problems.
A precaution against thyroid exposure in a radiation emergency is to take Potassium Iodide (KI).
Technetium-99: Organic matter in soils and sediments slow the transport of Tc-99. In the presence of oxygen, plants readily take up technetium compounds from the soils. Some plants such as brown algae in seawater are able to concentrate Tc-99. Sea animals can also concentrate Technetium-99 in their bodies.
Technetium-99 can pose a health risk when it enters the body. Once in the human body, Tc-99 concentrates in the thyroid gland and the gastrointestinal tract. However, the body constantly gets rid of Tc-99 in feces. As with any other radioactive material, there is an increased chance that cancer or other adverse health effects can result from exposure to radiation.
Half-life: Technetium-99: 210,000 years
Americium: Americium is produced when plutonium absorbs neutrons in nuclear reactors or during nuclear weapons tests.
Am-241 is primarily an alpha emitter, but also emits some gamma rays. It poses a more significant risk if ingested (swallowed) or inhaled. Once in the body, it tends to concentrate in the bone, liver, and muscle. Americium can stay in the body for decades and continue to expose the surrounding tissues to radiation, increasing the risk of developing cancer. Half-life: 432.2 years
Am-241 found in the environment is in the form of microscopic dust.
- When released into air, americium deposits particles in the soil and water. Small particles in air can travel far from the release site.
- In water, americium will stick to particles in the water or to the sediment at the bottom.
- Deposited on soil, americium will stick to surface particles, but not go very deep into the ground.
- Plants and vegetation growing in or nearby contaminated soil may take up small amounts of americium from the soil.
Plutonium 239: When a plutonium weapon is exploded, not all of the plutonium is fissioned. Plutonium 239 has a half-life of 24,400 years. Ingestion of as little as 1 microgram of plutonium, a barely visible speck, is a serious health hazard causing the formation of bone and lung tumors. Most forms of plutonium emit alpha particles, which are not very harmful outside the body, but can be very damaging when inhaled.
When plutonium particles are inhaled, they lodge in the lung tissue. The alpha particles can kill lung cells, which causes scarring of the lungs, leading to further lung disease and cancer.
Plutonium can enter the blood stream from the lungs and travel to the kidneys, meaning that the blood and the kidneys will be exposed to alpha particles. Once plutonium circulates through the body, it concentrates in the bones, liver, and spleen, exposing these organs to alpha particles.
Plutonium that is ingested from contaminated food or water does not pose a serious threat to humans because the stomach does not absorb plutonium easily, it passes out of the body in the feces.
The good news, at least for those who live well outside the blast effects zone, is that Plutonium is very heavy and it’s presence in fall out will be limited to areas around ground zero.
An air burst can produce minimal fallout if the fireball does not touch the ground. On the other hand, a nuclear explosion occurring at or near the earth's surface can result in severe contamination by the radioactive fallout.
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A professor I know tested cesium chloride to protect from cesium-137, he ingested cesium chloride and then after some time a little Cs-137 and it does protect, you absorb less Cs-137 much like you do with potassium iodide with I-129, he did this very seriusly, he measured his bodys radiocativity in a nucler plant facillity. I got a jar of CsCl tabletts he produced, he was going to patent this but things came in between. Interesting with strontium citrate, it can be very good to saturate as many of the systems in the body as possible. Plutonium is really bad, one of the WW2 bombs was plutonium, it would be interesting to know if people in Japan where poisoned by any remains in the fallout. Thanx! Great summary.
So, if you are say 10 miles from ground zero, will the decay be even faster then in the diagram I showed?
rainingcatzanddogs
A True Doomsday Prepper
The decay rate does not change but the types of radioactive isotopes present will be different...heavier elements like plutonium will land closer to ground zero while lighter isotopes with different half-lives can travel further on the wind/fallout.
The further away you are, the fewer rads you have to begin with. So, for instance 40 miles away you may only start with 1 rad, which they say does not require sheltering...however all of it will depend on the TYPE of bomb used and whether it is a surface detonation or ground detonation as well as if you are downwind from the target..
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rainingcatzanddogs
A True Doomsday Prepper
In theory.
Keep in mind though that there are some weapons that if used, we really could not calculate the effects.
The Russians developed one dubbed Tsar Bomba. (3,800 x stronger than the ones detonated in Japan WWII)
A single 58 megaton Tsar Bomba (Hydrogen) could cause devastation across 50 miles area, kill millions of people, send a shockwave that would circle the globe three times, and cause a mushroom cloud visible for 500 miles.
The explosion of Tsar Bomba, according to the classification of nuclear explosions, was an ultra-high-power low-air nuclear explosion.
The mushroom cloud of Tsar Bomba seen from a distance of 161 km (100 mi). The crown of the cloud is 65 km (40 mi) high at the time of the picture. (source: Rosatom State Corporation Communications Department 20-08-2020)
- The flare was visible at a distance of more than 1,000 km (620 mi).[49] It was observed in Norway, Greenland and Alaska.[16]
- The explosion's nuclear mushroom rose to a height of 67 km (42 mi).[14] The shape of the "hat" was two-tiered; the diameter of the upper tier was estimated at 95 km (59 mi), the lower tier at 70 km (43 mi). The cloud was observed 800 km (500 mi) from the explosion site.[16]
- The blast wave circled the globe three times,[16] with the first one taking 36 hours and 27 minutes.[50]
- A seismic wave in the earth's crust, generated by the shock wave of the explosion, circled the globe three times.[49]
- The atmospheric pressure wave resulting from the explosion was recorded three times in New Zealand: the station in Wellington recorded an increase in pressure at 21:57, on October 30, coming from the north-west, at 07:17 on October 31, from the southeast, and at 09:16, on November 1, from the northwest (all GMT time), with amplitudes of 0.6 mbar (0.60 hPa), 0.4 mbar (0.40 hPa), and 0.2 mbar (0.20 hPa). Respectively, the average wave speed is estimated at 303 m/s (990 ft/s), or 9.9 degrees of the great circle per hour.[51]
- Glass shattered in windows 780 km (480 mi) from the explosion in a village on Dikson Island.[16]
- The sound wave generated by the explosion reached Dikson Island, but there are no reports of destruction or damage to structures even in the urban-type settlement of Amderma, which is much closer (280 km (170 mi)) to the landfall.[52]
- Ionization of the atmosphere caused interference to radio communications even hundreds of kilometers from the test site for about 40 minutes.[53]
- Radioactive contamination of the experimental field with a radius of 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) in the epicenter area was no more than 1 milliroentgen / hour. The testers appeared at the explosion site 2 hours later; radioactive contamination posed practically no danger to the test participants.[16]
IF this bomb had used plutonium the yield would have been at 100mt instead of 50. It only took 16 weeks to design and construct...and that was many decades ago.
What it comes down to is that there is only so much you can do to protect yourself from these things.
Too many unknowns to cover all possibilities and scenarios unless you have unlimited resources and funding.
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In theory.
Keep in mind though that there are some weapons that if used, we really could not calculate the effects.
The Russians developed one dubbed Tsar Bomba. (3,800 x stronger than the ones detonated in Japan WWII)
A single 58 megaton Tsar Bomba (Hydrogen) could cause devastation across 50 miles area, kill millions of people, send a shockwave that would circle the globe three times, and cause a mushroom cloud visible for 500 miles.
View attachment 15993
The explosion of Tsar Bomba, according to the classification of nuclear explosions, was an ultra-high-power low-air nuclear explosion.
The mushroom cloud of Tsar Bomba seen from a distance of 161 km (100 mi). The crown of the cloud is 65 km (40 mi) high at the time of the picture. (source: Rosatom State Corporation Communications Department 20-08-2020)
All buildings in the village of Severny, both wooden and brick, located 55 km (34 mi) from ground zero within the Sukhoy Nos test range, were destroyed. In districts hundreds of kilometres from ground zero, wooden houses were destroyed, stone ones lost their roofs, windows, and doors, and radio communications were interrupted for almost one hour. One participant in the test saw a bright flash through dark goggles and felt the effects of a thermal pulse even at a distance of 270 km (170 mi). The heat from the explosion could have caused third-degree burns 100 km (62 mi) away from ground zero. A shock wave was observed in the air at Dikson settlement 700 km (430 mi) away; windowpanes were partially broken for distances up to 900 kilometres (560 mi).[54] Atmospheric focusing caused blast damage at even greater distances, breaking windows in Norway and Finland.[55] Despite being detonated 4.2 km (3 mi) above ground, its seismic body wave magnitude was estimated at 5.0–5.25.
- The flare was visible at a distance of more than 1,000 km (620 mi).[49] It was observed in Norway, Greenland and Alaska.[16]
- The explosion's nuclear mushroom rose to a height of 67 km (42 mi).[14] The shape of the "hat" was two-tiered; the diameter of the upper tier was estimated at 95 km (59 mi), the lower tier at 70 km (43 mi). The cloud was observed 800 km (500 mi) from the explosion site.[16]
- The blast wave circled the globe three times,[16] with the first one taking 36 hours and 27 minutes.[50]
- A seismic wave in the earth's crust, generated by the shock wave of the explosion, circled the globe three times.[49]
- The atmospheric pressure wave resulting from the explosion was recorded three times in New Zealand: the station in Wellington recorded an increase in pressure at 21:57, on October 30, coming from the north-west, at 07:17 on October 31, from the southeast, and at 09:16, on November 1, from the northwest (all GMT time), with amplitudes of 0.6 mbar (0.60 hPa), 0.4 mbar (0.40 hPa), and 0.2 mbar (0.20 hPa). Respectively, the average wave speed is estimated at 303 m/s (990 ft/s), or 9.9 degrees of the great circle per hour.[51]
- Glass shattered in windows 780 km (480 mi) from the explosion in a village on Dikson Island.[16]
- The sound wave generated by the explosion reached Dikson Island, but there are no reports of destruction or damage to structures even in the urban-type settlement of Amderma, which is much closer (280 km (170 mi)) to the landfall.[52]
- Ionization of the atmosphere caused interference to radio communications even hundreds of kilometers from the test site for about 40 minutes.[53]
- Radioactive contamination of the experimental field with a radius of 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) in the epicenter area was no more than 1 milliroentgen / hour. The testers appeared at the explosion site 2 hours later; radioactive contamination posed practically no danger to the test participants.[16]
IF this bomb had used plutonium the yield would have been at 100mt instead of 50. It only took 16 weeks to design and construct...and that was many decades ago.
What it comes down to is that there is only so much you can do to protect yourself from these things.
Too many unknowns to cover all possibilities and scenarios unless you have unlimited resources and funding.
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
I think the US and Russia arsenal has turned towards smaller payloads, this gigant bomb is not what they have today?
rainingcatzanddogs
A True Doomsday Prepper
You are missing the point. it seems. Yes, this bomb was considered "too big". The pilots that dropped it were only given a 50/50 chance of making it out alive.
However, from conception to build out it took only 4 months. We have had over 50 years to perfect the destructive ability of these weapons since.
We also turned away from hydrogen and towards the use of Plutonium, which has more radiological effects. We increased the blast capacity (more bang for the buck) and radiation effects.
Nuclear weapons are used when you no longer care how many "innocent" people are killed; the more killed the better.
Those that make these things have little motivation to create "responsible" weapons. The purpose is to create such a disaster that the enemy can no longer effectively conduct a war.
You can only prepare for that which you can logically predict the consequences.
Here is a 10Mton blast near my hometown. I am 25km away and I would make it I stay inside, betterr still in my basement. The fallout depends if its a ground or air-blast and also wind-direction. I am near Laxå. So even this very large bomb is not the end for me. Karlskoga is a tactical targets because if arms-industri there.
Yeah, if a Tsar Bomba was dropped on even half the military facilities in our state (probably true for most states) the shock waves would wipe out a horrific number of buildings beyond habitation. I'm not sure how far out oxygen would be consumed by the firestorm, but needless to say, the "air quality" is likely to be poor for dozens of miles out from any blast.
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rainingcatzanddogs
A True Doomsday Prepper
BUT....you are assuming only one bomb...what if Karlstad, Orebro and then any areas with military bases were also hit? Areas that manufacture things could also be on a target list. We just do not KNOW, we can put forth an educated guess at best. How will wind patterns be disrupted in the upper atmosphere with multiple detonations?
I am not saying stop trying to protect yourself as best you can and throw your hands up and resolve to die, only trying to point out that we cannot know every eventuality and prepare for it.
The Tsar bomba was not dropped from a plane. It was too big to fit on any plane of that day. It was for show only. The Soviet Union used it for propaganda. They are good at that. It is their favorite weapon. Russia carries on the tradition.
It looks like a plane dropped it, but maybe Wikipedia got it wrong?
Tested on 30 October 1961, the scientific result of the test was the experimental verification of calculation principles and multi-stage thermonuclear charges. The bomb was dropped by parachute from a Tu-95V aircraft, and detonated autonomously 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) above the Sukhoy Nos ("Dry Nose") cape of Severny Island, Novaya Zemlya, 15 km (9.3 mi) from Mityushikha Bay, north of Matochkin Strait.[8][9][10]
I'm sure the Tsar Bomba would be WAY too heavy for an ICBM and I'd be more concerned about ICBMs (especially from subs) than I would be from planes dropping bombs!
Top 10 Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles | Military-Today.com
We dont know offcourse what will happen. I think Karlskoga is the closest target for nukes for me, and its really close. Thats my scenario. Its more likely that Russia uses a 100kton load, thats what Swedish military usually uses as example. 10Mton is crasy big for a small town even with arms indutry. If Putin uses 50Mton I will meet my maker before I even see the light from the bomb.
Todays technology with plutonium etc, makes the charge smaller, no problem to make a missile. We have the Satan 2 missile, it can whipe out France…
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